Flask /48
Small Life Flask
Recovers 70 Life over 3 Second
Consumes 7 of 21 Charges on use
Currently has 21 Charges
Medium Life Flask
Recovers 150 Life over 3.5 Second
Consumes 8 of 28 Charges on use
Currently has 28 Charges
Requires Level 3
Large Life Flask
Recovers 250 Life over 3.5 Second
Consumes 9 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 6
Greater Life Flask
Recovers 360 Life over 3.5 Second
Consumes 10 of 32 Charges on use
Currently has 32 Charges
Requires Level 12
Grand Life Flask
Recovers 640 Life over 3 Second
Consumes 10 of 25 Charges on use
Currently has 25 Charges
Requires Level 18
Giant Life Flask
Recovers 830 Life over 4 Second
Consumes 10 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 24
Colossal Life Flask
Recovers 1000 Life over 3.5 Second
Consumes 10 of 32 Charges on use
Currently has 32 Charges
Requires Level 30
Sacred Life Flask
Recovers 1200 Life over 3 Second
Consumes 10 of 25 Charges on use
Currently has 25 Charges
Requires Level 36
Hallowed Life Flask
Recovers 1990 Life over 4 Second
Consumes 10 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 42
Sanctified Life Flask
Recovers 1460 Life over 1.5 Second
Consumes 15 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 50
Divine Life Flask
Recovers 2400 Life over 3.5 Second
Consumes 15 of 45 Charges on use
Currently has 45 Charges
Requires Level 60
Eternal Life Flask
Recovers 2080 Life over 2 Second
Consumes 15 of 45 Charges on use
Currently has 45 Charges
Requires Level 65
Small Mana Flask
Recovers 50 Mana over 3 Second
Consumes 6 of 24 Charges on use
Currently has 24 Charges
Medium Mana Flask
Recovers 70 Mana over 3.5 Second
Consumes 7 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 3
Large Mana Flask
Recovers 90 Mana over 4 Second
Consumes 8 of 35 Charges on use
Currently has 35 Charges
Requires Level 6
Greater Mana Flask
Recovers 120 Mana over 4 Second
Consumes 9 of 36 Charges on use
Currently has 36 Charges
Requires Level 12
Grand Mana Flask
Recovers 170 Mana over 4.5 Second
Consumes 7 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 18
Giant Mana Flask
Recovers 250 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 8 of 36 Charges on use
Currently has 36 Charges
Requires Level 24
Colossal Mana Flask
Recovers 350 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 8 of 38 Charges on use
Currently has 38 Charges
Requires Level 30
Sacred Mana Flask
Recovers 480 Mana over 5.5 Second
Consumes 7 of 35 Charges on use
Currently has 35 Charges
Requires Level 36
Hallowed Mana Flask
Recovers 700 Mana over 6 Second
Consumes 6 of 30 Charges on use
Currently has 30 Charges
Requires Level 42
Sanctified Mana Flask
Recovers 1100 Mana over 6.5 Second
Consumes 7 of 35 Charges on use
Currently has 35 Charges
Requires Level 50
Divine Mana Flask
Recovers 1400 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 8 of 42 Charges on use
Currently has 42 Charges
Requires Level 60
Eternal Mana Flask
Recovers 1800 Mana over 7 Second
Consumes 8 of 42 Charges on use
Currently has 42 Charges
Requires Level 65
Small Hybrid Flask
Recovers 100 Life over 5 Second
Recovers 70 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
Requires Level 10
Medium Hybrid Flask
Recovers 230 Life over 5 Second
Recovers 100 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
Requires Level 20
Large Hybrid Flask
Recovers 510 Life over 5 Second
Recovers 140 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
Requires Level 30
Colossal Hybrid Flask
Recovers 690 Life over 5 Second
Recovers 200 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
Requires Level 40
Sacred Hybrid Flask
Recovers 1440 Life over 5 Second
Recovers 400 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
Requires Level 50
Hallowed Hybrid Flask
Recovers 1740 Life over 5 Second
Recovers 480 Mana over 5 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
Requires Level 60
Diamond Flask
Lasts 6 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
100% increased Critical Strike Chance
Requires Level 27
Ruby Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 20 of 50 Charges on use
Currently has 50 Charges
+5% to maximum Fire Resistance
+40% to Fire Resistance
Requires Level 18
Sapphire Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 20 of 50 Charges on use
Currently has 50 Charges
+5% to maximum Cold Resistance
+40% to Cold Resistance
Requires Level 18
Topaz Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 20 of 50 Charges on use
Currently has 50 Charges
+5% to maximum Lightning Resistance
+40% to Lightning Resistance
Requires Level 18
Granite Flask
Lasts 6 Second
Consumes 30 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
Buff grants +1500 to Armour
Requires Level 27
Quicksilver Flask
Lasts 6 Second
Consumes 30 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
Buff grants 40% increased Movement Speed
Requires Level 4
Amethyst Flask
Lasts 6.5 Second
Consumes 35 of 65 Charges on use
Currently has 65 Charges
+35% to Chaos Resistance
Requires Level 18
Quartz Flask
Lasts 6 Second
Consumes 30 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
+10% chance to Suppress Spell Damage
Buff grants Phasing
Requires Level 27
Jade Flask
Lasts 6 Second
Consumes 30 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
+1500 to Evasion Rating
Requires Level 27
Basalt Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 40 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
20% more Armour
Requires Level 27
Taunts nearby Enemies on use
Aquamarine Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 20 of 50 Charges on use
Currently has 50 Charges
60% reduced Effect of Freeze on you
Requires Level 27
Creates Chilled Ground on Use
Stibnite Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 40 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
20% more Evasion Rating
Requires Level 27
Creates a Smoke Cloud on Use
Sulphur Flask
Lasts 8 Second
Consumes 40 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
40% increased Damage
Requires Level 27
Creates Consecrated Ground on Use
Silver Flask
Lasts 6 Second
Consumes 40 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
Onslaught
Requires Level 27
Bismuth Flask
Lasts 8.5 Second
Consumes 15 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
+35% to all Elemental Resistances
Requires Level 8
Gold Flask
Lasts 5 Second
Consumes 60 of 80 Charges on use
Currently has 80 Charges
30% increased Rarity of Items found
Requires Level 27
Corundum Flask
Lasts 7.5 Second
Consumes 20 of 50 Charges on use
Currently has 50 Charges
30% increased Stun Threshold
Cannot be Stunned if you've been Stunned during Effect
Requires Level 27
Iron Flask
Lasts 4 Second
Consumes 40 of 60 Charges on use
Currently has 60 Charges
+200 to Ward
Requires Level 27
Restores Ward on use
Flask Unique /40
Gain (5–8)% of Elemental Damage as Extra Chaos Damage during effect
2% of Chaos Damage Leeched as Life during Effect
Gain (5–8)% of Physical Damage as Extra Chaos Damage during effect
(Leeched Life is recovered over time. Multiple Leeches can occur simultaneously, up to a maximum rate)
50% increased Life Recovered
(35–50)% reduced Recovery rate
Recover Full Life at the end of the Effect
Creates Consecrated Ground on Use
(15–30)% reduced Duration
Consecrated Ground created by this Flask has Tripled Radius
Consecrated Ground created during Effect applies (7–10)% increased Damage taken to Enemies
(100–150)% increased Critical Strike Chance against Enemies on Consecrated Ground during Effect
+90 to Maximum Charges
Recharges 5 Charges when you Consume an Ignited corpse
(175–200)% increased Charges per use
Enemies Ignited by you during Effect take (7–10)% increased Damage
Recover (1–3)% of Life when you Kill an Enemy during Effect
[One random modifier]
25% chance to Poison on Hit during Effect
Your Critical Strikes do not deal extra Damage during Effect
+(20–30)% to Damage over Time Multiplier for Poison from Critical Strikes during Effect
Take 250 Chaos Damage per Second during Effect
(Poison deals Chaos Damage over time, based on the base Physical and Chaos Damage of the Skill. Multiple instances of Poison stack)
25% increased Duration
Chaos Damage taken does not bypass Energy Shield during effect
Removes all but one Life on use
Removed life is Regenerated as Energy Shield over 2 seconds
(30–50)% increased Rarity of Items found during Effect
25% increased Light Radius during Effect
+10% to Elemental Resistances during Effect
(250–300)% increased Charges per use
Removes 80% of your maximum Energy Shield on use
You take 50% of your maximum Life as Chaos Damage on use
Gain (1–3) Endurance Charge on use
Gain (1–3) Frenzy Charge on use
Gain (1–3) Power Charge on use
(125–150)% increased Charges per use
(40–60)% less Duration
(10–20)% increased Area of Effect during Effect
Skills fire 2 additional Projectiles during Effect
Restores Ward on use
(50–80)% increased Duration
Recover 4% of Life per Endurance Charge on use
Lose all Endurance Charges on use
Gain 1 Endurance Charge per Second during Effect
Recover (75–100)% of Life on use
25% of Maximum Life taken as Chaos Damage per second
(60–80)% reduced Duration
Immunity to Freeze, Chill, Curses and Stuns during Effect
(30–50)% increased Amount Recovered
100% increased Recovery rate
Skills Cost no Mana during Effect
75% chance to cause Enemies to Flee on use
Knocks Back Enemies in an Area when you use a Flask
Adds Knockback to Melee Attacks during Effect
(7–10)% more Melee Physical Damage during effect
(Knockback pushes Enemies away when Hit)
Restores Ward on use
(40–50)% increased Charges per use
Ward does not Break during Effect
85% less Ward during Effect
(20–40)% increased Charge Recovery
Enemies you Kill during Effect have a (20–30)% chance to Explode, dealing a tenth of their maximum Life as Damage of a Random Element
(10–20)% reduced Charges per use
(-35–35)% reduced Duration
When Hit during effect, 25% of Life loss from Damage taken occurs over 4 seconds instead
(30–50)% increased Amount Recovered
50% reduced Recovery rate
(5–15)% increased Attack Speed during Effect
(5–15)% increased Cast Speed during Effect
10% increased Mana Cost of Skills during Effect
90% reduced Duration
Gain 1 Endurance Charge on use
Petrified during Effect
+(35–50)% Chance to Block Attack Damage during Effect
+(20–30)% Chance to Block Spell Damage during Effect
Creates Consecrated Ground on Use
Life Recovery from Flasks also applies to Energy Shield during Effect
(25–50)% increased Duration
Eldritch Battery during Effect
(Spend Energy Shield before Mana for Skill Mana Costs. Energy Shield protects Mana instead of Life. 50% less Energy Shield Recharge Rate)
(Life flask effects are still removed when unreserved life is filled)
Creates a Smoke Cloud on Use
(-10–10)% reduced Charges per use
Grants Level 21 Vulnerability Curse Aura during Effect
50% chance to gain a Flask Charge when you deal a Critical Strike
(30–50)% increased Duration
Consumes Frenzy Charges on use
Gain Onslaught for 3 seconds per Frenzy Charge consumed on use
(Onslaught grants 20% increased Attack, Cast, and Movement Speed)
+(8–12)% Chance to Block Attack Damage during Effect
+(4–6)% Chance to Block Spell Damage during Effect
Creates a Smoke Cloud on Use
Grants Immunity to Ignite for 4 seconds if used while Ignited
Removes all Burning when used
Unholy Might during Effect
(Unholy Might grants 100% of Physical Damage converted to Chaos Damage and 25% chance to apply Withered on Hit)
Cannot gain Mana during effect
(60–80)% increased Critical Strike Chance with Vaal Skills during effect
(60–80)% increased Damage with Vaal Skills during effect
Vaal Skills used during effect have 10% reduced Soul Gain Prevention Duration
(-40–90) to Maximum Charges
Loses all Charges when you enter a new area
Consumes Maximum Charges to use
Gain Vaal Souls equal to Charges Consumed when used
Restores Ward on use
(20–30)% increased Charge Recovery
Inflict Fire, Cold and Lightning Exposure on nearby Enemies when used
(20–30)% increased Effect of Non-Damaging Ailments you inflict during Effect
(Each Exposure applies -10% to the matching Resistance for 4 seconds)
(Ailments that do not deal Damage are Scorched, Chilled, Frozen, Brittle, Shocked, and Sapped)
Gain (10–15)% of Physical Damage as Extra Cold Damage during effect
30% chance to Avoid being Chilled during Effect
30% chance to Avoid being Frozen during Effect
(20–30)% of Fire and Lightning Damage from Hits taken as Cold Damage during Effect
Creates Consecrated Ground on Use
(40–60)% increased Charge Recovery
(50–100)% increased Charges gained by Other Flasks during Effect
Gains no Charges during Effect of any Overflowing Chalice Flask
Creates Consecrated Ground on Use
Life Recovery from Flasks also applies to Energy Shield during Effect
(25–50)% increased Duration
Zealot's Oath during Effect
(Life Regeneration is applied to Energy Shield instead.)
(Life flask effects are still removed when unreserved life is filled)
During Effect, 6% reduced Damage taken of each Element for which your Uncapped Elemental Resistance is lowest
During Effect, Damage Penetrates (5–8)% Resistance of each Element for which your Uncapped Elemental Resistance is highest
(Uncapped Resistance is the value Resistance would have if ignoring Maximum Resistance)
(10–20)% reduced Charges per use
(65–75)% reduced Amount Recovered
Instant Recovery
2 Enemy Writhing Worms escape the Flask when used
Writhing Worms are destroyed when Hit
(125–150)% increased Charges per use
Shocks nearby Enemies during Effect, causing 10% increased Damage taken
You are Shocked during Effect, causing 50% increased Damage taken
Adds (10–15) to (55–65) Lightning Damage to Spells during Effect
20% of Lightning Damage Leeched as Life during Effect
(Leeched Life is recovered over time. Multiple Leeches can occur simultaneously, up to a maximum rate)
(125–150)% increased Charges per use
Shocks nearby Enemies during Effect, causing 10% increased Damage taken
You are Shocked during Effect, causing 50% increased Damage taken
Adds (10–15) to (55–65) Lightning Damage to Attacks during Effect
20% of Lightning Damage Leeched as Life during Effect
(Leeched Life is recovered over time. Multiple Leeches can occur simultaneously, up to a maximum rate)
(125–150)% increased Charges per use
Shocks nearby Enemies during Effect, causing 10% increased Damage taken
You are Shocked during Effect, causing 50% increased Damage taken
50% of Physical Damage Converted to Lightning during Effect
20% of Lightning Damage Leeched as Life during Effect
(Leeched Life is recovered over time. Multiple Leeches can occur simultaneously, up to a maximum rate)
(125–150)% increased Charges per use
Shocks nearby Enemies during Effect, causing 10% increased Damage taken
You are Shocked during Effect, causing 50% increased Damage taken
Damage Penetrates 6% Lightning Resistance during Effect
20% of Lightning Damage Leeched as Life during Effect
(Leeched Life is recovered over time. Multiple Leeches can occur simultaneously, up to a maximum rate)
(125–150)% increased Charges per use
Shocks nearby Enemies during Effect, causing 10% increased Damage taken
You are Shocked during Effect, causing 50% increased Damage taken
(25–40)% increased Effect of Shocks you inflict during Effect
Shocks you inflict during Effect spread to other Enemies within 2 metres
20% of Lightning Damage Leeched as Life during Effect
(Leeched Life is recovered over time. Multiple Leeches can occur simultaneously, up to a maximum rate)
Restores Ward on use
(-10–10)% reduced Charges per use
Debilitate nearby Enemies for 2 Seconds when Effect ends
Effect is removed when Ward Breaks
Culling Strike during Effect
(Enemies that are Debilitated have 20% less Movement Speed and deal 10% less damage)
(Culling Strike means enemies that are on 10% or lower life after your Hit are Killed)
Creates a Smoke Cloud on Use
(-10–10)% reduced Charges per use
Grants Level 21 Despair Curse Aura during Effect
50% increased Charges per use
Grants Last Breath when you Use a Skill during Effect, for (450–600)% of Mana Cost
(Last Breath recovers an amount of life per second based on mana cost. It lasts for 4 seconds, but is removed if you are hit)
Enchant Enkindling Orb /5
LevelDescriptionWeight
1(60–70)% increased effect
Gains no Charges during Effect
flask 250
default 0
1(80–100)% increased Duration
Gains no Charges during Effect
flask 100
default 0
1(60–80)% increased Charge Recovery
Gains no Charges during Effect
flask 100
default 0
1(25–35)% reduced Charges per use
Gains no Charges during Effect
flask 100
default 0
1+(40–60) to Maximum Charges
Gains no Charges during Effect
flask 100
default 0
Enchant Instilling Orb /16
LevelDescriptionWeight
1Used when an adjacent Flask is usedflask 100
default 0
1Reused at the end of this Flask's effectflask 100
default 0
1Used when Charges reach fullflask 100
default 0
1Used when you Use a Guard Skillflask 100
default 0
1Used when you Use a Travel Skillflask 100
default 0
1Used when you lose a Guard Skill Buffflask 0
default 0
1Used when you Hit a Rare or Unique Enemy, if not already in effectflask 100
default 0
1Used when you become Frozenflask 100
default 0
1Used when you become Chilledflask 100
default 0
1Used when you become Shockedflask 100
default 0
1Used when you become Ignitedflask 100
default 0
1Used when you start Bleedingflask 100
default 0
1Used when you become Poisonedflask 100
default 0
1Used when you Blockflask 100
default 0
1Used when you take a Savage Hitflask 100
default 0
1Used when you use a Life Flaskflask 100
default 0
Flasks The Help Panel

Flasks The Help Panel

Flasks

They may not be as flashy as a powerful weapon or armour item, but flasks in Path of Exile will literally mean the difference between life and death.

Carefully consider your flask modifiers. They can make all the difference.

Flasks in Path of Exile are not consumable items. Unlike Scrolls of Wisdom, when you use a Flask, it does not vanish. Instead, it simply consumes a number of flask charges based on the flask you're using, and, once empty, must be refilled before it can be used again. Flasks can come in normal, magic or unique rarity, but not rare. Usually, flasks refill as you slay monsters. This means as long as you're successfully engaging in combat, you should always have a flask or two available for use. But if you get into a spot of trouble and empty your flasks, you'll either have to carefully slay enough monsters to refill them or return to Town. Your flasks also refill when you return to Town, so jumping into a portal is a valid strategy when you're running low on flask charges. Some flasks, such as those with the 'Surgeon's' prefix, can be refilled based on other conditions.

It's helpful to have a mix of different flasks for different situations.

Other magic mods can enhance the amount of life or mana a flask restores, or the duration it lasts, or the number of times it can be used. Some also provide extra utilities, such as removing curses or ailments. Carefully selecting your flasks and which mods they have is just as important as selecting which weapon to wield or passive skills to take. If ever you are struggling to survive, take a look at your flasks and see if improvements can be made. They are often a cheap and effective place to start solving character build problems.

Flasks are friends! Don't be afraid to use them often.

Community Wiki

Edit

Flasks

A flask is a rechargeable potion. When used, the flask consumes a certain amount of flask charges and recovers a portion of Life, Mana or grants temporary bonuses for the duration of the flask effect.

Mechanics

Every character has space for five flasks. When the player enters a town or a hideout, all of their flasks are automatically fully recharged. If a player equips a flask within a hostile area, the flask has zero active charges by default.

Flasks can only be Normal , Magic or Unique. There are no Rare flasks, and flasks cannot be corrupted.

Flask charges

Flasks store different amount of charges and spend different amount per sip depending on flask type. These parameters can be altered with modifiers on equipment, flasks and passive skills. Partial fraction charges are stored but not displayed in the game.

Used flask charges can be refilled in several ways:

  • by killing enemies; a Normal monster grants 1 charge, a Magic monster grants 3.5 charges, a Rare monster grants 6 charges, and a Unique monster grants 11 charges;
  • Pathfinder's passive Nature's Boon recovers charges over time;
  • on a critical strike for flasks with Surgeon's prefix, while having The Harvest equipped, through a Precision Watcher's Eye or with the Pathfinder's passive Master Surgeon. Flask charges gained this way can only occur once every 100ms and gives a charge to one flask at a time;
  • receive a critical strike while having a flask with Avenger's prefix.

The amount of charges gained from any sources can be altered with modifiers #% increased/reduced Flask Charges gained (e.g. from equipment and passive skills) and #% increased/reduced Charge Recovery (e.g. from the "Perpetual" flask prefix). These modifiers stack multiplicatively.

Within a party, all players close to the killed enemy get charges.

Recovery from flasks

Certain flasks recover Life and/or Mana over time. Flasks end their respective effects if maximum life or mana is reached. Hybrid flasks, which affect both life and mana, will end their effects if both life and mana are fully recovered. Recovery flasks queue up if multiple flasks are active. The effect with the highest regeneration rate is always applied first.

There are 3 parameters that affect recovery from flasks:

  • #% increased/reduced Amount Recovered causes a flask to recover an increased/reduced amount. The duration is unchanged.
  • #% increased/reduced Recovery Speed/Rate causes a flask to recover the same total amount at a faster/slower rate.
  • Instant Recovery cause a flask to restore the whole amount instantly by overriding the duration to 0.

Modifiers to effect of Flasks does affect recovery amount and is multiplicative with increased recovery from flasks as well as flask quality. Modifiers to Flask effect duration increase the duration of the flask without decreasing the amount recovered per second, effectively acting as a multiplier to amount recovered, if the flask recovery is not instant. It does not affect recovery amount directly.

Effects of flasks

Flask effects are temporary effects that are granted while drinking a flask. This include implicit modifiers on utility flasks, certain flask suffixes and modifiers on unique flasks, but doesn't include life or mana recovery. Flask effects can be identified by having a specific gold border around the icon. Note that they do not count as buffs (for more information see active and temporary effects).

Effects of flasks as well as their durations can be increased with several flask modifiers, passive skills and equipment.

When activating multiple flasks, differing suffixes can apply and stack simultaneously but only one application of a particular suffix can apply to your character at one time, with the greatest value of said suffix taking priority.

Example: activating multiple flasks

Example: Say you have a

If you activate the jade flask initially, you get a +20% movement speed bonus. If 0.5 seconds later you activate the ruby flask, you will then have +30% movement speed – the original 20% movement speed effect still has 4.5 seconds left, but is overwritten by the stronger effect temporarily. If 0.5 seconds later you activate your granite flask, then you have +30% movement speed and +100% armour. The armour and movement speed mods are different suffixes, so they don't conflict – they will stack together. 3 seconds later your ruby flask effect ends, but the jade flask still has 1 second left, so you revert to the +20% movement speed from the jade flask until it expires.

Quality

For more information, see Quality.

Glassblower's Baubles are used to increase the quality of a flask. Quality on recovery flasks increases the amount of life and/or mana recovered by that percentage. Utility flasks gain increased duration instead. Note that quality on flasks stacks multiplicatively with other modifiers to flasks (for example, the increased flask duration nodes from the passive tree or belts). Furthermore, things with increased flask effect will not only improve the implicit mod of a flask, but any of the mods that the flask has rolled (always rounded down).

Interactions

Flask effect removal

Nemesis monsters can have a modifier called nullifier. This will remove all temporary buff effects on a character. This means all active flask effects will be removed every time you are hit by one of these monsters.

Instant Flasks

Sextants can add the following modifier to a watchstone: Player's Life and mana recovery from flasks are instant.


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